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AOBPreview originally published online on July 4, 2007
Annals of Botany 2007 100(5):1095-1100; doi:10.1093/aob/mcm127
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© 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age

Gabriella Sonnante1,*, Domenico Pignone1 and Karl Hammer2

1 CNR – Institute of Plant Genetics, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
2 Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany

* For correspondence. E-mail gabriella.sonnante{at}igv.cnr.it

Received: 4 December 2006    Returned for revision: 17 January 2007    Accepted: 22 May 2007    Published electronically: 4 July 2007

Background: The history of domestication of artichoke and leafy cardoon is not yet fully understood and when and where it occurred remains unknown. Evidence supports the hypothesis that wild cardoon is the wild progenitor of both these crops. Selection for large, non-spiny heads resulted in artichoke and selection for non-spiny, large stalked tender leaves resulted in leafy cardoon. The two crops differ in their reproductive system: artichoke is mostly vegetatively propagated and perennial, while leafy cardoon is seed propagated and mostly grown as an annual plant. Here, new trends in artichoke cultivation are analysed, while the consequences of these tendencies on the conservation of artichoke genetic resources are highlighted.

Scope: The historical and artistic records, together with recent literature on genetics and biosystematics, are examined with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the present-day knowledge on the domestication of these two crops.

Conclusions: Historical, linguistic and artistic records are consistent with genetic and biosystematic data and indicate that the domestication of artichoke and cardoon diverged at different times and in different places. Apparently, artichoke was domesticated in Roman times, possibly in Sicily, and spread by the Arabs during early Middle Ages. The cardoon was probably domesticated in the western Mediterranean in a later period.

Key words: Cynara cardunculus, domestication, artichoke, cardoon, wild progenitor, genetic resources


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