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AOBPreview originally published online on July 25, 2009
Annals of Botany 2009 104(5):965-973; doi:10.1093/aob/mcp182
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Distribution and diversity of cytotypes in Dianthus broteri as evidenced by genome size variations

Francisco Balao*, Ramón Casimiro-Soriguer, María Talavera, Javier Herrera and Salvador Talavera

Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain

* For correspondence: E-mail fbalao{at}us.es

Received: 20 April 2009    Returned for revision: 26 May 2009    Accepted: 15 June 2009    Published electronically: 25 July 2009

Background and Aims: Studying the spatial distribution of cytotypes and genome size in plants can provide valuable information about the evolution of polyploid complexes. Here, the spatial distribution of cytological races and the amount of DNA in Dianthus broteri, an Iberian carnation with several ploidy levels, is investigated.

Methods: Sample chromosome counts and flow cytometry (using propidium iodide) were used to determine overall genome size (2C value) and ploidy level in 244 individuals of 25 populations. Both fresh and dried samples were investigated. Differences in 2C and 1Cx values among ploidy levels within biogeographical provinces were tested using ANOVA. Geographical correlations of genome size were also explored.

Key Results: Extensive variation in chromosomes numbers (2n = 2x = 30, 2n = 4x = 60, 2n = 6x = 90 and 2n = 12x =180) was detected, and the dodecaploid cytotype is reported for the first time in this genus. As regards cytotype distribution, six populations were diploid, 11 were tetraploid, three were hexaploid and five were dodecaploid. Except for one diploid population containing some triploid plants (2n = 45), the remaining populations showed a single cytotype. Diploids appeared in two disjunct areas (south-east and south-west), and so did tetraploids (although with a considerably wider geographic range). Dehydrated leaf samples provided reliable measurements of DNA content. Genome size varied significantly among some cytotypes, and also extensively within diploid (up to 1·17-fold) and tetraploid (1·22-fold) populations. Nevertheless, variations were not straightforwardly congruent with ecology and geographical distribution.

Conclusions: Dianthus broteri shows the highest diversity of cytotypes known to date in the genus Dianthus. Moreover, some cytotypes present remarkable internal genome size variation. The evolution of the complex is discussed in terms of autopolyploidy, with primary and secondary contact zones.

Key words: Autopolyploidy, Caryophyllaceae, chromosome numbers, contact zones, dried leaves, dodecaploid, flow cytometry, Mediterranean, propidium iodide, refugia


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