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Annals of Botany 86: 983-994, 2000
© 2000 Annals of Botany Company

Effect of Different Gravity Environments on DNA Fragmentation and Cell Death in Kalanchoë Leaves

M. C. Pedroso+ and D. J. Durzan

Dept. Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Ed. C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal Dept Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8587, USA

Received: 19 May 2000 ; Returned for revision: 19 June 2000 . Accepted: 12 July 2000

Different gravity environments have been shown to significantly affect leaf-plantlet formation and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoë daigremontiana Ham. and Perr. In the present work, we investigated the effect of gravity at tissue and cell levels. Leaves and leaf-plantlets were cultured for different periods of time (min to 15 d) in different levels of gravity stimulation: simulated hypogravity (1 rpm clinostats; 2 x 10-4 g), 1 g(control) and hypergravity (centrifugation; 20 and 150 g). Both simulated hypogravity and hypergravity affected cell death (apoptosis) in this species, and variations in the number of cells showing DNA fragmentation directly correlated with nitric oxide (NO) formation. Apoptosis in leaves was more common as gravity increased. Apoptotic cells were localized in the epidermis, mainly guard cells, in leaf parenchyma, and in tracheary elements undergoing terminal differentiation. Exposures to acute hypergravity (up to 60 min) showed that chloroplast DNA fragmentation occurred prior to nuclear DNA fragmentation, marginalization of chromatin, nuclear condensation, and nuclear blebbing. Addition of sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) mimicked centrifugation. NO and DNA fragmentation decreased with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NO-synthase inhibitor). The variations in NO levels, nucleoid DNA fragmentation, and cell death show how chloroplasts, cells and leaves may respond (and adapt) to gravity changes. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company

Apoptosis, chloroplasts, gravitational biology, Kalanchoë daigremontiana, mechanical stress, Mother of Thousands, nitric oxide, programmed cell death, TUNEL


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