AOBPreview originally published online on March 4, 2005
Annals of Botany 2005 95(5):707-735; doi:10.1093/aob/mci083
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INVITED REVIEW |
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
* For correspondence. E-mail bartel{at}rice.edu
Received: 5 October 2004 Returned for revision: 1 November 2004 Accepted: 15 December 2004 Published electronically: 4 March 2005
• Background The phytohormone auxin is critical for plant growth and orchestrates many developmental processes.
• Scope This review considers the complex array of mechanisms plants use to control auxin levels, the movement of auxin through the plant, the emerging view of auxin-signalling mechanisms, and several interactions between auxin and other phytohormones. Though many natural and synthetic compounds exhibit auxin-like activity in bioassays, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is recognized as the key auxin in most plants. IAA is synthesized both from tryptophan (Trp) using Trp-dependent pathways and from an indolic Trp precursor via Trp-independent pathways; none of these pathways is fully elucidated. Plants can also obtain IAA by ß-oxidation of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), a second endogenous auxin, or by hydrolysing IAA conjugates, in which IAA is linked to amino acids, sugars or peptides. To permanently inactivate IAA, plants can employ conjugation and direct oxidation. Consistent with its definition as a hormone, IAA can be transported the length of the plant from the shoot to the root; this transport is necessary for normal development, and more localized transport is needed for tropic responses. Auxin signalling is mediated, at least in large part, by an SCFTIR1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that accelerates Aux/IAA repressor degradation in response to IAA, thereby altering gene expression. Two classes of auxin-induced genes encode negatively acting products (the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and GH3 family of IAA conjugating enzymes), suggesting that timely termination of the auxin signal is crucial. Auxin interaction with other hormone signals adds further challenges to understanding auxin response.
• Conclusions Nearly six decades after the structural elucidation of IAA, many aspects of auxin metabolism, transport and signalling are well established; however, more than a few fundamental questions and innumerable details remain unresolved.
Key words: Auxin, IAA, indole-3-acetic acid, 2,4-D, IBA, phytohormone, hormone signalling, proteasome, auxin biosynthesis, auxin conjugate, auxin transport, Arabidopsis thaliana
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B. Dombrecht, G. P. Xue, S. J. Sprague, J. A. Kirkegaard, J. J. Ross, J. B. Reid, G. P. Fitt, N. Sewelam, P. M. Schenk, J. M. Manners, et al. MYC2 Differentially Modulates Diverse Jasmonate-Dependent Functions in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, July 1, 2007; 19(7): 2225 - 2245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ruzicka, K. Ljung, S. Vanneste, R. Podhorska, T. Beeckman, J. Friml, and E. Benkova Ethylene Regulates Root Growth through Effects on Auxin Biosynthesis and Transport-Dependent Auxin Distribution PLANT CELL, July 1, 2007; 19(7): 2197 - 2212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Wu, D. R. Lewis, and E. P. Spalding Mutations in Arabidopsis Multidrug Resistance-Like ABC Transporters Separate the Roles of Acropetal and Basipetal Auxin Transport in Lateral Root Development PLANT CELL, June 1, 2007; 19(6): 1826 - 1837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X.-J. Yin, S. Volk, K. Ljung, N. Mehlmer, K. Dolezal, F. Ditengou, S. Hanano, S. J. Davis, E. Schmelzer, G. Sandberg, et al. Ubiquitin Lysine 63 Chain Forming Ligases Regulate Apical Dominance in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, June 1, 2007; 19(6): 1898 - 1911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z.-B. Zhang, G. Yang, F. Arana, Z. Chen, Y. Li, and H.-J. Xia Arabidopsis Inositol Polyphosphate 6-/3-Kinase (AtIpk2beta) Is Involved in Axillary Shoot Branching via Auxin Signaling Plant Physiology, June 1, 2007; 144(2): 942 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Woodward, S. E. Ratzel, E. E. Woodward, Y. Shamoo, and B. Bartel Mutation of E1-CONJUGATING ENZYME-RELATED1 Decreases RELATED TO UBIQUITIN Conjugation and Alters Auxin Response and Development Plant Physiology, June 1, 2007; 144(2): 976 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Nobuta, R.A. Okrent, M. Stoutemyer, N. Rodibaugh, L. Kempema, M.C. Wildermuth, and R.W. Innes The GH3 Acyl Adenylase Family Member PBS3 Regulates Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, June 1, 2007; 144(2): 1144 - 1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Dreher and J. Callis Ubiquitin, Hormones and Biotic Stress in Plants Ann. Bot., May 1, 2007; 99(5): 787 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshihara and M. Iino Identification of the Gravitropism-Related Rice Gene LAZY1 and Elucidation of LAZY1-Dependent and -Independent Gravity Signaling Pathways Plant Cell Physiol., May 1, 2007; 48(5): 678 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kraft, R. Kuglitsch, J. Kwiatkowski, M. Frank, and K. Grossmann Indole-3-acetic acid and auxin herbicides up-regulate 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene expression and abscisic acid accumulation in cleavers (Galium aparine): interaction with ethylene J. Exp. Bot., April 1, 2007; 58(6): 1497 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. H. Chitwood, M. Guo, F. T. S. Nogueira, and M. C. P. Timmermans Establishing leaf polarity: the role of small RNAs and positional signals in the shoot apex Development, March 1, 2007; 134(5): 813 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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