AOBPreview originally published online on March 4, 2005
Annals of Botany 2005 95(5):707-735; doi:10.1093/aob/mci083
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INVITED REVIEW |
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
* For correspondence. E-mail bartel{at}rice.edu
Received: 5 October 2004 Returned for revision: 1 November 2004 Accepted: 15 December 2004 Published electronically: 4 March 2005
• Background The phytohormone auxin is critical for plant growth and orchestrates many developmental processes.
• Scope This review considers the complex array of mechanisms plants use to control auxin levels, the movement of auxin through the plant, the emerging view of auxin-signalling mechanisms, and several interactions between auxin and other phytohormones. Though many natural and synthetic compounds exhibit auxin-like activity in bioassays, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is recognized as the key auxin in most plants. IAA is synthesized both from tryptophan (Trp) using Trp-dependent pathways and from an indolic Trp precursor via Trp-independent pathways; none of these pathways is fully elucidated. Plants can also obtain IAA by ß-oxidation of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), a second endogenous auxin, or by hydrolysing IAA conjugates, in which IAA is linked to amino acids, sugars or peptides. To permanently inactivate IAA, plants can employ conjugation and direct oxidation. Consistent with its definition as a hormone, IAA can be transported the length of the plant from the shoot to the root; this transport is necessary for normal development, and more localized transport is needed for tropic responses. Auxin signalling is mediated, at least in large part, by an SCFTIR1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that accelerates Aux/IAA repressor degradation in response to IAA, thereby altering gene expression. Two classes of auxin-induced genes encode negatively acting products (the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and GH3 family of IAA conjugating enzymes), suggesting that timely termination of the auxin signal is crucial. Auxin interaction with other hormone signals adds further challenges to understanding auxin response.
• Conclusions Nearly six decades after the structural elucidation of IAA, many aspects of auxin metabolism, transport and signalling are well established; however, more than a few fundamental questions and innumerable details remain unresolved.
Key words: Auxin, IAA, indole-3-acetic acid, 2,4-D, IBA, phytohormone, hormone signalling, proteasome, auxin biosynthesis, auxin conjugate, auxin transport, Arabidopsis thaliana
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M.-a. Ohto, S. Hayashi, S. Sawa, A. Hashimoto-Ohta, and K. Nakamura Involvement of HLS1 in Sugar and Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis Leaves Plant Cell Physiol., December 1, 2006; 47(12): 1603 - 1611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-S. Kim, S.-G. Kim, J.-E. Park, H.-Y. Park, M.-H. Lim, N.-H. Chua, and C.-M. Park A Membrane-Bound NAC Transcription Factor Regulates Cell Division in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, November 1, 2006; 18(11): 3132 - 3144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sauer, J. Balla, C. Luschnig, J. Wisniewska, V. Reinohl, J. Friml, and E. Benkova Canalization of auxin flow by Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent feedback regulation of PIN polarity. Genes & Dev., October 15, 2006; 20(20): 2902 - 2911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. FAMBRINI, E. BONSIGNORI, F. RAPPARINI, G. CIONINI, V. MICHELOTTI, D. BERTINI, R. BARALDI, and C. PUGLIESI stem fasciated, a Recessive Mutation in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Alters Plant Morphology and Auxin Level Ann. Bot., October 1, 2006; 98(4): 715 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Walsh, R. Neal, A. O. Merlo, M. Honma, G. R. Hicks, K. Wolff, W. Matsumura, and J. P. Davies Mutations in an Auxin Receptor Homolog AFB5 and in SGT1b Confer Resistance to Synthetic Picolinate Auxins and Not to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid or Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, October 1, 2006; 142(2): 542 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ito and W. M. Gray A Gain-of-Function Mutation in the Arabidopsis Pleiotropic Drug Resistance Transporter PDR9 Confers Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides Plant Physiology, September 1, 2006; 142(1): 63 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yasuor, M. Abu-Abied, E. Belausov, A. Madmony, E. Sadot, J. Riov, and B. Rubin Glyphosate-Induced Anther Indehiscence in Cotton Is Partially Temperature Dependent and Involves Cytoskeleton and Secondary Wall Modifications and Auxin Accumulation Plant Physiology, August 1, 2006; 141(4): 1306 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Meir, D. A. Hunter, J.-C. Chen, V. Halaly, and M. S. Reid Molecular Changes Occurring during Acquisition of Abscission Competence following Auxin Depletion in Mirabilis jalapa Plant Physiology, August 1, 2006; 141(4): 1604 - 1616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Maggio, J.-K. Zhu, P. M. Hasegawa, and R. A. Bressan Osmogenetics: Aristotle to Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, July 1, 2006; 18(7): 1542 - 1557. [Full Text] [PDF]
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