AOBPreview originally published online on January 11, 2007
Annals of Botany 2007 99(3):375-407; doi:10.1093/aob/mcl260
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INVITED REVIEW |
Plant Architecture: A Dynamic, Multilevel and Comprehensive Approach to Plant Form, Structure and Ontogeny
1 INRA
2 Cirad, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Cirad-Cnrs-Inra-Ird-Université Montpellier 2, ‘botAnique et bioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes’ (AMAP), TA40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
* For correspondence. E-mail daniel.barthelemy{at}cirad.fr
Received: 20 May 2006 Returned for revision: 31 July 2006 Accepted: 20 September 2006 Published electronically: 11 January 2007
Background and Aims: The architecture of a plant depends on the nature and relative arrangement of each of its parts; it is, at any given time, the expression of an equilibrium between endogenous growth processes and exogenous constraints exerted by the environment. The aim of architectural analysis is, by means of observation and sometimes experimentation, to identify and understand these endogenous processes and to separate them from the plasticity of their expression resulting from external influences.
Scope: Using the identification of several morphological criteria and considering the plant as a whole, from germination to death, architectural analysis is essentially a detailed, multilevel, comprehensive and dynamic approach to plant development. Despite their recent origin, architectural concepts and analysis methods provide a powerful tool for studying plant form and ontogeny. Completed by precise morphological observations and appropriated quantitative methods of analysis, recent researches in this field have greatly increased our understanding of plant structure and development and have led to the establishment of a real conceptual and methodological framework for plant form and structure analysis and representation. This paper is a summarized update of current knowledge on plant architecture and morphology; its implication and possible role in various aspects of modern plant biology is also discussed.
Key words: Plant morphology, plant architecture, level of organization, growth, branching, differentiation, morphogenetic gradients, physiological age, meristem, annual shoot, phenotypic plasticity, ontogeny, phase change
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