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AOBPreview originally published online on March 12, 2007
Annals of Botany 2007 99(5):955-958; doi:10.1093/aob/mcm022
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Two Measurement Methods of Leaf Dry Matter Content Produce Similar Results in a Broad Range of Species

María Victoria Vaieretti1, Sandra Díaz1,*, Denis Vile2,3 and Eric Garnier2

1 Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
2 CNRS, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (U.M.R. 5175), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
3 Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (QC), Canada J1K 2R1

* For correspondence. E-mail sdiaz{at}com.uncor.edu

Received: 28 July 2006    Returned for revision: 10 October 2006    Accepted: 9 January 2007    Published electronically: 12 March 2007


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 

Background and Aims: Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) is widely used as an indicator of plant resource use in plant functional trait databases. Two main methods have been proposed to measure LDMC, which basically differ in the rehydration procedure to which leaves are subjected after harvesting. These are the ‘complete rehydration’ protocol of Garnier et al. (2001, Functional Ecology 15: 688–695) and the ‘partial rehydration’ protocol of Vendramini et al. (2002, New Phytologist 154: 147–157).

Methods: To test differences in LDMC due to the use of different methods, LDMC was measured on 51 native and cultivated species representing a wide range of plant families and growth forms from central-western Argentina, following the complete rehydration and partial rehydration protocols.

Key Results and Conclusions: The LDMC values obtained by both methods were strongly and positively correlated, clearly showing that LDMC is highly conserved between the two procedures. These trends were not altered by the exclusion of plants with non-laminar leaves. Although the complete rehydration method is the safest to measure LDMC, the partial rehydration procedure produces similar results and is faster. It therefore appears as an acceptable option for those situations in which the complete rehydration method cannot be applied. Two notes of caution are given for cases in which different datasets are compared or combined: (1) the discrepancy between the two rehydration protocols is greatest in the case of high-LDMC (succulent or tender) leaves; (2) the results suggest that, when comparing many studies across unrelated datasets, differences in the measurement protocol may be less important than differences among seasons, years and the quality of local habitats.

Key words: Argentina, leaf dry matter content, leaf rehydration, plant comparative ecology, plant functional traits


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Leaf dry matter content (LDMC, the ratio of leaf dry mass to fresh mass) is increasingly used as an indicator of a plant species' resource use strategy, i.e. its position in a fundamental trade-off between a rapid assimilation and growth at one extreme, and efficient conservation of resources within well-protected tissues at the other (Wilson et al., 1999; Garnier et al., 2001; Díaz et al., 2004).

Garnier et al. (2001) and Vile et al. (2005) highlighted the importance of standardizing protocols for the measurement of LDMC. Particular emphasis was put on achieving full rehydration of leaves after their collection in the field. Although the complete rehydration method is highly desirable, it is not always practical, and other methods are still widely used in comparative ecology (see Table 1 in Vile et al., 2005). The aim of this study was to compare the results of using two different methods of assessing LDMC: on the one hand, the complete rehydration method proposed by Garnier et al. (2001), and on the other hand a partial rehydration method utilized, with some variations, in many studies (e.g. Wilson et al., 1999; Vendramini et al., 2002; Prior et al., 2003). In order to achieve this, LDMC was measured on 51 species belonging to 17 different families, and representing a wide range of growth forms, using both methods.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 
A set of 51 native and introduced species from central-western Argentina was considered (listed in the Appendix), representing a wide range of taxonomic families, growth forms and leaf types. Thirty-seven were in common with the dataset of Vendramini et al. (2002). Fourteen native and cultivated species were added to this original data set, since in the case of Vendramini et al.'s (2002) study, the main aim was to characterize abundant species of this region; while here, the aim was to test differences in LDMC due to the use of different measurement methods, across the widest possible range of leaf types (e.g. differences in leaf structure, toughness, size, venation, habitats of origin, etc.). All material was collected from the field during the growing season (December–March). At least four fully expanded young leaves, free from herbivore or pathogen damage, were collected from at least six randomly selected sexually mature individuals. In the case of leaf succulents or in general plants whose photosynthetic organs were not laminar leaves, the specific procedures described by Vendramini et al. (2002) were followed. LDMC was determined following the protocols of Garnier et al. (2001) and Vendramini et al. (2002). The basic difference is in the rehydration procedure. In the protocol of Garnier et al. (2001), samples are immediately placed into tubes with the cut end submerged in deionized water and stored in the dark at 4 °C for 24 h. In the case of the method of Vendramini et al. (2002), samples are stored in sealed plastic bags (which are moistened in the case of mesophytic species, but not succulent and resinous species), kept at 4 °C in the dark, and measured as soon as possible (usually within 7–12 h). This method is a modification of that of Wilson et al. (1999), who also kept cut leaves in sealed plastic bags but promoted rehydration by storing leaves overnight between sheets of damp paper towel. Then, in both the complete rehydration and partial rehydration procedures, samples were blotted dry to remove any surface water, weighed and oven-dried in paper bags at 60 °C for at least 2 d, after which their dry mass was measured. On the basis of Garnier et al.'s (2001) work, full rehydration of the leaves was assumed, rather than specifically tested.

Measurements of LDMC carried out with the two methods were compared by using Pearson correlation analyses and standardized major axis (SMA) slope-fitting on log10 transformed data, which were back-transformed in Fig. 1, for easier visualization. SMA slope-fitting techniques are appropriate for testing if two methods of measurement agree, and in particular for testing whether measurements carried out with one method scale isometrically with measurements carried out with another method, in which case data obtained with the two methods can be mixed (Warton et al., 2006). This is achieved by testing whether the slope of the fitted line is significantly different from 1 and its intercept is significantly different from 0. The SMATR 2·0 freeware (Falster et al., 2006) was used for the SMA analyses.


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. Relationship between LDMC values obtained for a wide range of species using the methods of Garnier et al. (2001; complete rehydration) and Vendramini et al. (2002; partial rehydration) on 51 native and cultivated species of central-western Argentina, including the 37 used by Vendramini et al. (2002), indicated by closed circles. The trend line corresponds to the back-transformed SMA equation for full dataset: log10(LDMCpartial rehydration) = 0·1021 + 0·9675[log10(LDMcomplete rehydration)]; CI 95 % for slope = 0·897, 1·043; CI for intercept = –0·0784, 0·2826; r2 and P-values correspond to Pearson's correlation test. SMA equation for a 37-species subset: log10(LDMCpartial rehydration) = 0·02071 + 1[log10(LDMcomplete rehydration)]; CI 95 % for slope = 0·907, 1·103; CI for intercept = –0·22306, 0·26448; r2 = 0·919; P < 0·0001. Slopes did not differ significantly from 1 (P = 0·382, F = 0·779 for 51 species; P = 0·997, F < 0·0001 for 37 species) and intercepts did not differ significantly from 0 (P = 0·261; T = 1·137 for 51 species; P = 0·864, T = 0·172 for 37 species). The dotted line is the 1 : 1 line.

 


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Across all species, LDMC values obtained with the partial rehydration method were, on average, 4·29 % higher than, and did not significantly differ from, those obtained with the complete rehydration method (322·15 ± 15·738 and 336·58 ± 15·786 mg g–1, for the complete and partial rehydration methods, respectively, P = 0·848; t-test). Accordingly, the LDMC values obtained by the complete rehydration and the partial rehydration methods were strongly and positively correlated (Fig. 1). The slope of the relationship between the LDMC obtained by the two methods did not differ significantly from 1 and its intercept did not differ significantly from 0 (Fig. 1, legend), indicating that the two measurements were isometric. The exclusion of species with succulent and non-laminar leaves did not alter these results, either considering only the species in common with those of Vendramini et al. (2002) (r2 = 0·919; P < 0·0001), or considering the new and more extended dataset (r2 = 0·954; P < 0·0001). Note that r2 is the coefficient of determination, which is purely a measure of goodness-of-fit and cannot be tested for significance; however, the square-root of r2 is the correlation coefficient, which can be so tested, and this is what the P-values here relate to.

As expected, fully rehydrated leaves showed lower LDMC than partially rehydrated leaves of the same species, but such differences were significant in only approx. 29 % of cases (Appendix). There was no systematic difference in the relative performance of the two methods associated with any growth form: significantly lower LDMC using the complete rehydration method was observed in individual species belonging to different life forms, and there were also some cases of significantly higher LDMC (Appendix). There was no difference between LMDC estimated by the two methods among families with three or more member species (Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Portulacaceae) (F = 0·31, P = 0·9032, d.f. = 5, 31; ANOVA).

Differences between methods, expressed as the absolute value of the percentage difference of LDMC values obtained with the partial rehydration method with respect to those obtained with the complete rehydration method became significantly smaller as LDMC increased (r = –0·517; P < 0·001). At the lower LDMC end there were plants that according to Vendramini et al. (2002) represent contrasting resource-use strategies: xerophytic succulents and, to a lesser degree, tender-leaved herbs typical of mesic habitats (Appendix). Among these plants, both positive and negative differences were observed between the two methods, although, because of the high within-species variability, not all of them were significant.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 
The present comparison of the protocols described by Garnier et al. (2001) and Vendramini et al. (2002) clearly showed that LDMC is highly conserved between these two procedures. When comparing leaf traits in datasets from different areas of the world, Vile et al. (2005) found that the data obtained by Vendramini et al. (2002) for Argentina and by Wilson et al. (1999) for Great Britain showed trends that differed from the rest. They put forward the lack of full leaf rehydration as the most likely cause. The possible reasons for these differences are beyond the scope of this article but, at least for the set of species of Vendramini et al. (2002), the present results show that they were not a consequence of the rehydration procedure. The protocol of Garnier et al. (2001) is in principle the best method to measure LDMC and the one recommended for situations in which it is feasible. Not only are a growing number of species around the world now been measured using it, but it also tends to allow a higher degree of rehydration, which ensures that LDMC can be used as a surrogate of leaf density (cf. Garnier and Laurent, 1994). This is particularly critical when the main focus of interest is on knowing in a precise way the absolute LDMC of species or populations. However, the procedure used by Vendramini et al. (2002), which does not require full rehydration and is thus less laborious, produces similar results over a wide range of leaf types. Therefore, it appears as an acceptable option for those situations in which the complete rehydration method cannot be applied. The fact that LDMC measured with the partial rehydration and the complete rehydration methods were proved to be isometric variables allows LDMC values measured with the two methods to be mixed in the same dataset when new standard measurements are not feasible.

No evidence was found suggesting that either method is more suitable to particular growth forms or families. However, the fact that the methods agreed better as LDMC increased suggests that they are most compatible in the case of sclerophyllous ( = high-LDMC) leaves. The behaviour of the partial rehydration method tends to be more erratic for both succulent and tender leaves ( = low LDMC), and thus it is in those cases where the greatest caution is advised. LDMC measurements carried out using the partial rehydration method on the same species and the same geographical region in different years by Vendramini et al. (2002) and in the present study, did not differ significantly (P = 0·166, t-test), suggesting an overall consistency of the partial rehydration method across seasons, years and local populations. However, in about one-third of the species, the LDMC values differed by >20 %, i.e. intra-specific variation was more important than differences attributed to different rehydration protocols. A more general corollary of this is that, when comparing many studies across unrelated datasets, differences in the measurement protocol should be less important than differences among seasons, years and the quality of local habitats.


   APPENDIX
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 
List of species selected for the measurement of leaf dry matter content (LDMC), indicating taxonomic family, leaf type and LDMC values obtained following the procedures of Garnier et al. (2001; complete rehydration) and Vendramini et al. (2002; partial rehydration). Leaf types: TL, tender-leaved; SC, sclerophyllous; SU, succulent. Symbols in brackets in column 5 indicate significant positive (+) or negative (–) differences in LDMC measured with the partial rehydration method with respect to the complete rehydration method (P < 0·05; Independent Samples t-test). Nomenclature follows Zuloaga et al. (1994) and Zuloaga and Morrone (1996a, b).


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   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LITERATURE CITED
 
M. V. Vaieretti and S. Díaz were partially supported by FONCyT, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN 2015 which is supported by the US National Science Foundation (Grant GEO-0452325). We are grateful to M. L. Roderick and one anonymous referee for valuable comments that improved the manuscript, and to I. J. Wright and D. S. Falster for help in using the SMATR methods and software.


   LITERATURE CITED
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 APPENDIX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 LITERATURE CITED
 

    Díaz S, Hodgson JH, Thompson K, Cabido M, Cornelissen JHC, Jalili A, et al. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science (2004) 15:295–304.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Falster DS, Warton DI, Wright IJ. SMATR: standardised major axis tests and routines, ver 2·0. (2006) http://www.bio.mq.edu.au/ecology/SMATR/.

    Garnier E, Laurent G. Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytologist (1994) 128:725–736.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Garnier E, Shipley B, Roumet C, Laurent G. A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. Functional Ecology (2001) 15:688–695.[CrossRef]

    Prior LD, Eamus D, Bowman D. Leaf attributes in the seasonally dry tropics: a comparison of four habitats in northern Australia. Functional Ecology (2003) 17:504–515.[CrossRef]

    Vendramini F, Díaz S, Gurvich DE, Wilson PJ, Thompson K, Hodgson JG. Leaf traits as indicators of resource-use strategy in floras with succulent species. New Phytologist (2002) 154:147–157.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Vile D, Garnier E, Shipley B, Laurent G, Navas ML, Roumet C, et al. Specific leaf area and dry matter content estimate thickness in laminar leaves. Annals of Botany (2005) 96:1129–1136.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

    Warton DI, Wright IJ, Falster DS, Westoby M. Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biological Reviews (2006) 81:259–291.[Medline]

    Wilson PJ, Thompson K, Hodgson JG. Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies. New Phytologist (1999) 143:155–162.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Zuloaga FO, Morrone O. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden (1996a) 60:1–323.

    Zuloaga FO, Morrone O. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden (1996b) 74:1–1269.

    Zuloaga FO, Nicora EG, Rúgolo de Agrasar ZE, Morrone O, Pensiero J, Cialdella AM. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden (1994) 74:1–1269.


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