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AOBPreview originally published online on June 5, 2009
Annals of Botany 2009 104(2):253-276; doi:10.1093/aob/mcp131
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Evolution of fruit and seed characters in the Diervilla and Lonicera clades (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales)

Bart Jacobs1,*, Frederic Lens1 and Erik Smets1,2

1 Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2437, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
2 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University Branch, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

* For correspondence. E-mail bart.jacobs{at}bio.kuleuven.be

Received: 2 September 2008    Returned for revision: 9 January 2009    Accepted: 24 April 2009    Published electronically: 5 June 2009

Background and Aims: The Diervilla and Lonicera clades are members of the family Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales sensu Donoghue et al., 2001, Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 459–479). So far, the intergeneric relationships of the Lonicera clade and the systematic position of Heptacodium remain equivocal. By studying fruit and seed morphology and anatomy, an attempt is made to clarify these issues. In addition, this study deals with the evolution of fruit and seed characters of the Diervilla and Lonicera clades with reference to allied taxa.

Methods: Light and scanning electron microscopy were used for the morphological and anatomical investigations. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by applying the parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria. Character evolution was studied by means of parsimony optimization and stochastic character mapping.

Key Results: Diervilla and Weigela (Diervilla clade) are characterized by several unique traits in Dipsacales, including capsules with numerous seeds, seed coats without sclerified outer tangential exotestal cell walls, and dehiscent fruits. Seeds with completely sclerified exotestal cells and fleshy fruits characterize the Lonicera clade. Leycesteria and Lonicera have berries, ovaries without sterile carpels and several seeds per locule, whereas Symphoricarpos and Triosteum have drupes, ovaries with one or two sterile carpels and a single seed per locule. Heptacodium shares several characteristics with members of the Linnina clade, e.g. achenes, single-seeded fruits and a compressed, parenchymatous seed coat.

Conclusions: The results confirm the monophyly of the Diervilla and Lonicera clades and allow us to hypothesize a close relationship between Leycesteria and Lonicera and between Symphoricarpos and Triosteum. Fruit and seed morphology and anatomy point to a sister relationship of Heptacodium with the Linnina clade, rather than with the Lonicera clade.

Key words: Diervilla, Weigela, Symphoricarpos, Lonicera, Triosteum, Leycesteria, Heptacodium, Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales, fruit, seed, evolution


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