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AOBPreview originally published online on September 4, 2002
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Annals of Botany 90: 525-536, 2002
© 2002 Annals of Botany Company

Seaweeds in Cold Seas: Evolution and Carbon Acquisition

JOHN A. RAVEN*,1, ANDREW M. JOHNSTON1,2, JANET E. KÜBLER{dagger},1, REBECCA KORB{ddagger},1, SHONA G. MCINROY1, LINDA L. HANDLEY2, CHARLIE M. SCRIMGEOUR2, DIANA I. WALKER3, JOHN BEARDALL4, MARGARET N. CLAYTON4, MATHEW VANDERKLIFT3, STEIN FREDRIKSEN5 and KENNETH H. DUNTON6

1 Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Biological Sciences Institute, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK, 2 Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK, 3 Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia, 4 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, 5 University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Section for Marine Botany, PO Box 1069 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway and 6 University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA

* For correspondence. Fax +44 (0)1382 344275, e-mail j.a.raven{at}dundee.ac.uk
{dagger} Present address: Department of Biology, 18111 Nordhoff Street, California State University, Northridge CA 91330-8363, USA.
{ddagger} Present address: British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.

Received: 27 November 2001; Returned for revision: 12 February 2002; Accepted: 23 April 2002    Published electronically: 4 September 2002

Much evidence suggests that life originated in hydrothermal habitats, and for much of the time since the origin of cyanobacteria (at least 2·5 Ga ago) and of eukaryotic algae (at least 2·1 Ga ago) the average sea surface and land surface temperatures were higher than they are today. However, there have been at least four significant glacial episodes prior to the Pleistocene glaciations. Two of these (approx. 2·1 and 0·7 Ga ago) may have involved a ‘Snowball Earth’ with a very great impact on the algae (sensu lato) of the time (cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta) and especially those that were adapted to warm habitats. By contrast, it is possible that heterokont, dinophyte and haptophyte phototrophs only evolved after the Carboniferous–Permian ice age (approx. 250 Ma ago) and so did not encounter low (<=5 °C) sea surface temperatures until the Antarctic cooled some 15 Ma ago. Despite this, many of the dominant macroalgae in cooler seas today are (heterokont) brown algae, and many laminarians cannot reproduce at temperatures above 18–25 °C. By contrast to plants in the aerial environment, photosynthetic structures in water are at essentially the same temperature as the fluid medium. The impact of low temperatures on photosynthesis by marine macrophytes is predicted to favour diffusive CO2 entry rather than a CO2-concentrating mechanism. Some evidence favours this suggestion, but more data are needed.

Key words: Review, carbon dioxide, Chlorophyta, glaciations, Heterokontophyta, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyta.


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