AOBPreview originally published online on August 4, 2005
Annals of Botany 2005 96(4):565-579; doi:10.1093/aob/mci211
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A Re-examination of the Root Cortex in Wetland Flowering Plants With Respect to Aerenchyma
SOUKUP41 Department of Biology, SUNY, Oswego, NY 13126, 2 Emeritus, SUNY, Oswego, NY, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA, 4 Department of Plant Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and 5 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
* For correspondence. E-mail seago{at}oswego.edu
Received: 16 December 2004 Returned for revision: 27 January 2005 Accepted: 24 March 2005 Published electronically: 4 August 2005
• Aims We review literature and present new observations on the differences among three general patterns of aerenchyma origin and their systematic distributions among the flowering plants, and we clarify terminology on root aerenchyma.
• Scope From our own previous works and some new observations, we have analysed the root cortex in 85 species of 41 families in 21 orders of flowering plants that typically grow in wetlands to determine the characteristic patterns of aerenchyma.
• Findings A developmental and structural pattern that we term expansigeny, as manifested by honeycomb aerenchyma, is characteristic of all aquatic basal angiosperms (the Nymphaeales) and basal monocots (the Acorales). Expansigenous aerenchyma develops by expansion of intercellular spaces into lacunae by cell division and cell expansion. Schizogeny and lysigeny, so often characterized in recent reviews as the only patterns of root cortex lacunar formation, are present in most wetland plants, but are clearly not present in the most basal flowering plants.
• Conclusion We conclude that expansigeny is the basic type of aerenchyma development in roots of flowering plants and that the presence of expansigenous honeycomb aerenchyma in root cortices was fundamental to the success of the earliest flowering plants found in wetland environments.
Key words: Aerenchyma, air spaces, angiosperms, cortex, expansigeny, flowering plants, honeycomb aerenchyma, lysigeny, roots, schizogeny
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