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AOBPreview published online on March 13, 2006
Annals of Botany, doi:10.1093/aob/mcl040
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received August 15, 2005
Revised September 19, 2005
Accepted January 12, 2006

IBC Root Highlight: Article

Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death Occurs in Procambium and Ground Meristem of Pea (Pisum sativum) Root Tips Exposed to Sudden Flooding

DANIEL K. GLADISH 1 *, JIPING XU 2, and TERUO NIKI 3

1 Department of Botany, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
3 Department of Cell Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Takushoku University, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-8585, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
DANIEL K. GLADISH, E-mail: gladisdk{at}muohio.edu


  Abstract

• Background and Aims Pea (Pisum sativum) primary roots form long vascular cavities when grown under wet or flooded conditions at 25 °C. It is thought that the cavities are a form of aerenchyma. At 25 °C short roots continue to grow after flooding. After roots reach 10 cm long flooding causes rapid cessation of growth, and root tips often become curled. In longer roots the cavities do not extend into the base of the roots, perhaps rendering them ineffective as aerenchyma. It was hypothesized that the resulting growth arrest was due to programmed cell death (PCD) rather than necrosis.

• Methods and Key Results Histological examination by light microscope showed that some cells in the primary meristem (elongation) zone of the primary root tips had morphological abnormalities, including misshapen and fragmented nuclei, and cytoplasmic shrinking and fragmentation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed lobing, invagination and chromatin aggregation in nuclei. The affected cells were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling. Extracted DNA formed a ‘DNA ladder’ during electrophoresis. Cell death usually began in procambium at one or two protoxylem poles and seemed to spread out to nearby tissues, which asymmetrically inhibited growth and resulted in tip curling.

• Conclusions The above are symptoms of apoptosis-like PCD. Programmed root tip death may rapidly reduce oxygen demand and sink strength, allowing more rapid diversion of resources to lateral roots growing in more permissive conditions.

Keywords: Pisum sativum, root primary meristem, apoptosis, programmed cell death, flooding, TUNEL, DNA ladder, aerenchyma.
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